Illerup, J.B., Nielsen, O-K., Winther, M., Mikkelsen, M.H., Hoffmann, L., Nielsen, M., Gyldenkærne, S., Fauser, P., Jensen, M.T. & Bruun, H.G. 2007: Annual Danish Emission Inventory Report to UNECE. Inventories from the base year of the protocols to year 2005. National Environmental Research Institute, <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on"><st1:City w:st="on">University of Aarhus</st1:City></st1:place> , <st1:country-region w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Denmark</st1:country-region></st1:country-region></st1:City></st1:place> . 184 pp
Summary
I BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON EMISSION INVENTORIES
Annual report
This report is <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Denmark</st1:country-region></st1:place> ’s Annual Emissions Inventory Report due May 2007 to the UNECE-Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). The report contains information on <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Denmark</st1:country-region></st1:place> ’s inventories for all years from the base years of the protocols to 2005.
The gases reported under the LRTAP Convention are SO2, NOX, NMVOC, CO, NH3, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, dioxins/furans, PAHs, TSP, PM2.5 and PM10.
The annual emission inventory for <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Denmark</st1:country-region></st1:place> is reported in the Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR) format as requested in the reporting guidelines. The complete set of NFR files are provided in the report.
The issues addressed in this report are: trends in emissions, description of each NFR category, uncertainty estimates, recalculations, planned improvements and procedures for quality assurance and control. The structure of the report is, as far as possible, the same as the National Inventory Report to UNFCCC.
This report and the NFR tables are available to the public on the National Environmental Research Institute’s homepage
(http://www.dmu.dk/1_Viden/2_Miljoe-tilstand/3_luft/4_adaei/default_en.asp).
Responsible institute
The National Environmental Research Institute (NERI), <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:PlaceName w:st="on">Aarhus</st1:PlaceName> <st1:PlaceType w:st="on">University</st1:PlaceType></st1:place> , is responsible for the annual preparation and submission to the UNECE-LRTAP Convention of the Annual Danish Emissions Report and the inventories in the NFR format in accordance with the guidelines. NERI participates in meetings under the UNECE Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections and the related expert panels, where parties to the convention prepare the guidelines and methodologies on inventories.
II TRENDS IN EMISSIONS
Acidifying gases
Figure S.1 shows the emission of Danish acidifying gases in terms of acid equivalents. In 1990, the relative contribution in acid equivalents was almost equal for the three gases. In 2005, the most important acidification factor in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Denmark</st1:country-region></st1:place> was ammonia nitrogen and the relative contributions for SO2, NOX and NH3 were 7 %, 40 % and 53 %, respectively. However, regarding long-range transport of air pollution, SO2 and NOX are still the most important pollutants.
Figure S.1 Emissions of NH3, NOX and SO2 in acid equivalents.
SO2
The main part of the SO2 emission originates from combustion of fossil fuels, i.e. mainly coal and oil, in public power and district heating plants. From 1980 to 2005, the total emission decreased by 95 %. The large reduction is largely due to installation of desulphurisation plant and use of fuels with lower content of sulphur in public power and district heating plants. Despite the large reduction of the SO2 emissions, these plants make up 36 % of the total emission. Also emissions from industrial combustion plants, non-industrial combustion plants and other mobile sources are important. National sea traffic (navigation and fishing) contributes with about 12 % of the total SO2 emission. This is due to the use of residual oil with high sulphur content.
NOX
The largest sources of emissions of NOX are other mobile sources followed by road transport and combustion in energy industries (mainly public power and district heating plants). The transport sector is the sector contributing the most to the emission of NOX and, in 2005, 35 % of the Danish emissions of NOX stems from road transport, national navigation, railways and civil aviation. Also emissions from national fishing and off-road vehicles contribute significantly to the NOX emission. For non-industrial combustion plants, the main sources are combustion of gas oil, natural gas and wood in residential plants. The emissions from public power plants and district heating plants have decreased by 61 % from 1985 to 2005. In the same period, the total emission decreased by 36 %. The reduction is due to the increasing use of catalyst cars and installation of low-NOX burners and denitrifying units in power and district heating plants.
NH3
Almost all atmospheric emissions of NH3 result from agricultural activities. Only a minor part originates from road transport. This part is, however, increasing due to increasing use of catalyst cars. The major part of the emission from agriculture stems from livestock manure (79 %) and the largest losses of ammonia occur during the handling of the manure in stables and in field application. Other contributions come from crops (15 %), use of mineral fertilisers (6 %), sewage sludge used as fertiliser and ammonia used for treatment of straw (less than 1 %). The total ammonia emission decreased by 36 % from 1985 to 2005. This is due to the active national environmental policy efforts of the past twenty years.
Other air pollutants
NMVOC
The emissions of NMVOC originate from many different sources and can be divided into two main groups: incomplete combustion and evaporation. Road vehicles and other mobile sources such as national navigation vessels and off-road machinery are the main sources of NMVOC emissions from incomplete combustion processes. Road transportation vehicles are still the main contributor, even though the emissions have declined since the introduction of catalyst cars in 1990. The evaporative emissions mainly originate from the use of solvents. The emissions from the energy industries have increased during the nineties due to the increasing use of stationary gas engines, which have much higher emissions of NMVOC than conventional boilers. The total anthropogenic emissions have decreased by 31 % from 1985 to 2005, largely due to the increased use of catalyst cars and reduced emissions from use of solvents.
CO
Transport is responsible for the dominant share of the total CO emission. Also other mobile sources and non-industrial combustion plants contribute significantly to the total emission of this pollutant. The drop in the emissions seen in 1990 was a consequence of a law forbidding the burning of agricultural waste on fields. The emission decreased further by 21 % from 1990 to 2005, largely because of decreasing emissions from road transportation.
PAHs
The present emission inventory for PAH (poly aromatic hydrocarbons) includes the four PAHs reported to UNECE: benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and indeno(1,2,3-cd) pyrene. The most important sources of the PAH emission are combustion of wood in the residential sector and road transportation. The increasing emission trend is due to increasing combustion of wood in the residential sector.
Particulate Matter
The particulate matter (PM) emission inventory has been reported for the years 2000-2005. The inventory includes the total emission of particles TSP (Total Suspended Particles), emission of particles smaller than 10 µm (PM10) and emission of particles smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5).
The largest PM2.5 emission sources are the residential sector (64 %), road traffic (15 %) and other mobile sources (7 %). For the latter, the most important source is off-road vehicles and machinery in the agricultural-/forestry sector (54 %). For the road transport sector, exhaust emissions account for the major part (77 %) of the emissions.
The largest TSP emission sources are the agricultural sector and the residential sector. The TSP emissions from transport are also important and include both exhaust emissions and the non-exhaust emissions from brake and tyre wear and road abrasion. The non-exhaust emissions account for 45 % of the TSP emission from road transport.
Heavy metals
In general, the most important sources of heavy metal emissions are combustion of fossil fuels and waste. The heavy metal emissions have decreased substantially in recent years. The reductions span from 10 % to 95 % for Cu and Pb, respectively. The reason for the reduced emissions is mainly increased use of gas cleaning devices at power and district heating plants (including waste incineration plants). The large reduction in the Pb emission is due to a gradual shift towards.
III RECALCULATIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS
In general, considerable work is being carried out to improve the inventories. New investigations and research carried out in <st1:place w:st="on"><st1:country-region w:st="on">Denmark</st1:country-region></st1:place> and abroad are, as far as possible, included as the basis for the emission estimates and included as data in the inventory databases. Furthermore, the updates of the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook and the work in the Task Force on Emission Inventories and its expert groups are followed closely in order to be able to incorporate the best scientific information as the basis for the inventories. Further important references in this regard are the IPCC guidelines and IPCC good practice guidance.
Implementation of new results in inventories is made in a way so that improvements better reflect Danish conditions and circumstances. In improving the inventories, care is taken to consider implementation of improvements for the whole time-series of inventories, to promote consistency. Such efforts lead to recalculation of previously submitted inventories.
The most important recalculations for the various sectors are mentioned below.
Energy
Stationary Combustion
The national energy statistics has been updated for the years 2000-2004. This has resulted in increased emissions for the residential sector due to an increase in the estimated wood consumption in residential plants. The emission factors for NMVOC, PM, PAH and dioxin have been updated for the residential sector.
Mobile sources
NOx
The largest changes are for road transport, military, national sea transport and agriculture.
Road transport: The 1985-2004 emission inventories have been updated with new emission factors (COPERT IV) and mileage information (Danish Vehicle Inspection and Maintenance Programme). The COPERT IV emission factors are derived from the European research project ARTEMIS, which has conducted new emission measurements and simulations of emission factors for road transport vehicles. It is important to note that ARTEMIS includes measurements for Euro I-IV engines and moreover incorporates the so-called engine cycle beating effect.
Military: Emission factors derived from the new road transport simulations have caused some changes in the emissions from 1985-2004.
National sea transport: A new research project has given new knowledge, and the following changes have therefore been made to the national inventory which affects the emission results:
Agriculture: Updated stock information for tractors and harvesters 2001-2004, has given a fuel use and emissions increase for these years.
NMVOC
The largest changes are for road transport and agriculture.
Road transport: The emission factor and mileage updates have given a slight emission change for NMVOC from 1985-2004.
Military: Emission factors derived from the new road transport simulations have caused minor changes in the emissions from 1985-2004.
Agriculture: Updated stock information for tractors and harvesters 2001-2004, has given a fuel use and emissions increase for these years.
SO2 and NH3
No changes of significance have occurred.
Industrial processes
SO2 emissions from a sulphur recovery plant in sector ‘Chemical Industry’ have been included as process emissions.
The estimated SO2 and NOX emissions from cement production have been updated for the years 2002 to 2004.
Solvent
A survey based on new methodologies results in new NMVOC emission estimates. Revisions have been made regarding use of pentane and styrene in the plastic industry, use and emission factors of glycolethers, use and emission factor of tetrachloroethylene and reassignment of some product groups from degreasing to paints.
Agriculture
Small changes for emissions from the agricultural sector have taken place. This change reflects an increased emission from 1990-2005 by less than ± 2 % compared to previous emission inventory. The change is alone related to updated data and is not a result of changes in the methodology.
Based on the newly introduced chapter in the EMEP-CLRTAP emission inventory guidebook chapter B1100, the particulate emission from animal husbandry has been recalculated. As a result of the recalculation, the total particulate emission from animal husbandry has decreased by 2 % in 2000 and 11 % in 2005 compared to previous emission inventory due to lower emission factor for cattle and swine. In previous inventory a specific emission factor is used for all swine. The guidebook introduce emission factor for subcategories as sows, piglets and slaughtering pigs. The situation is the same for cattle and poultry.
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