Nielsen, O-K., Winther, M., Mikkelsen, M.H., Hoffmann, L., Nielsen, M., Gyldenkærne, S., Fauser, P., Jensen, M.T., Plejdrup, M.S. & Illerup, J.B. 2008: Annual Danish Emission Inventory Report to UNECE. Inventories from the base year of the protocols to year 2006. National Environmental Research Institute, University of Aarhus . 504 pp. – NERI Technical Report No. 675
This report is Denmark ’s Annual Emissions Inventory Report due May 2008 to the UNECE-Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). The report contains information on Denmark’s inventories for all years from the base years of the protocols to 2006.
The gases reported under the LRTAP Convention are SO2, NOX, NMVOC, CO, NH3, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, Zn, dioxins/furans, PAHs, TSP, PM10 and PM2.5.
The annual emission inventory for Denmark is reported in the Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR) format as requested in the reporting guidelines.
The issues addressed in this report are: trends in emissions, description of each NFR category, uncertainty estimates, recalculations, planned improvements and procedures for quality assurance and control. The structure of the report is, as far as possible, the same as the National Inventory Report to UNFCCC.
This report and NFR tables are available to the public on NERI’s homepage and on the Eionet central data repository.
Responsible institute
The National Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Aarhus University, is responsible for the annual preparation and submission to the UNECE-LRTAP Convention of the Annual Danish Emissions Report and the inventories in the NFR format in accordance with the guidelines. NERI participates in meetings under the UNECE Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections and the related expert panels, where parties to the convention prepare the guidelines and methodologies on inventories.
Figure S.1 shows the emission of Danish acidifying gases in terms of acid equivalents. In 1990, the relative contribution in acid equivalents was almost equal for the three gases. In 2006, the most important acidification factor in Denmark was ammonia nitrogen and the relative contributions for SO2, NOX and NH3 were 8 %, 40 % and 52 %, respectively. However, regarding long-range transport of air pollution, SO2 and NOX are still the most important pollutants.
|
|
|
Figure S.1Emissions of NH3, NOX and SO2 in acid equivalents. |
The main part of the SO2 emission originates from combustion of fossil fuels, i.e. mainly coal and oil, in public power and district heating plants. From 1980 to 2006, the total emission decreased by 94 %. The large reduction is largely due to installation of desulphurisation plant and use of fuels with lower content of sulphur in public power and district heating plants. Despite the large reduction of the SO2 emissions, these plants make up 41 % of the total emission. Also emissions from industrial combustion plants, non-industrial combustion plants and other mobile sources are important. National sea traffic (navigation and fishing) contributes with about 7 % of the total SO2 emission. This is due to the use of residual oil with high sulphur content.
The largest sources of emissions of NOX are Transport followed by other mobile sources and combustion in energy industries (mainly public power and district heating plants). The transport sector is the sector contributing the most to the emission of NOX and, in 2006, 42 % of the Danish emissions of NOX stems from road transport, national navigation, railways and civil aviation. Also emissions from national fishing and off-road vehicles contribute significantly to the NOX emission. For non-industrial combustion plants, the main sources are combustion of gas oil, natural gas and wood in residential plants. The emissions from public power plants and district heating plants have decreased by 57 % from 1985 to 2006. In the same period, the total emission decreased by 37 %. The reduction is due to the increasing use of catalyst cars and installation of low-NOX burners and denitrifying units in power and district heating plants.
Almost all atmospheric emissions of NH3 result from agricultural activities. Only a minor part originates from road transport. This part is, however, increasing due to increasing use of catalyst cars. The major part of the emission from agriculture stems from livestock manure (78 %) and the largest losses of ammonia occur during the handling of the manure in stables and in field application. Other contributions come from crops (16 %), use of mineral fertilisers (6 %) and sewage sludge used as fertiliser (less than 1 %). The total ammonia emission decreased by 36 % from 1985 to 2006. This is due to the active national environmental policy efforts of the past twenty years.
The emissions of NMVOC originate from many different sources and can be divided into two main groups: incomplete combustion and evaporation. Road vehicles and other mobile sources such as national navigation vessels and off-road machinery are the main sources of NMVOC emissions from incomplete combustion processes. Road transportation vehicles are still the main contributor, even though the emissions have declined since the introduction of catalyst cars in 1990. The evaporative emissions mainly originate from the use of solvents. The emissions from the energy industries have increased during the nineties due to the increasing use of stationary gas engines, which have much higher emissions of NMVOC than conventional boilers. The total anthropogenic emissions have decreased by 37 % from 1985 to 2006, largely due to the increased use of catalyst cars and reduced emissions from use of solvents.
Transport is responsible for the dominant share of the total CO emission. Also other mobile sources and non-industrial combustion plants contribute significantly to the total emission of this pollutant. The drop in the emissions from 1989 to 1990 was a consequence of a law forbidding the burning of agricultural waste on fields. The emission decreased further by 22 % from 1990 to 2006, largely because of decreasing emissions from road transportation.
The present emission inventory for PAH (poly aromatic hydrocarbons) includes the four PAHs reported to UNECE: benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene and indeno-(1,2,3-cd) pyrene. The most important sources of the PAH emission are combustion of wood in the residential sector and road transportation. The increasing emission trend is due to increasing combustion of wood in the residential sector.
The particulate matter (PM) emission inventory has been reported for the years 2000-2006. The inventory includes the total emission of particles TSP (Total Suspended Particles), emission of particles smaller than 10 µm (PM10) and emission of particles smaller than 2.5 µm (PM2.5).
The largest PM2.5 emission sources are the residential sector (64 %), road traffic (15 %) and other mobile sources (9 %). For the latter, the most important source is off-road vehicles and machinery in the industrial sector and the agricultural-/forestry sector (38 and 36 % respectively). For the road transport sector, exhaust emissions account for the major part (77 %) of the emissions.
The largest TSP emission sources are the residential sector and the agricultural sector. The TSP emissions from transport are also important and include both exhaust emissions and the non-exhaust emissions from brake and tyre wear and road abrasion. The non-exhaust emissions account for 46 % of the TSP emission from road transport.
In general, the most important sources of heavy metal emissions are combustion of fossil fuels and waste. The heavy metal emissions have decreased substantially in recent years. The reductions span from 7 % to 95 % for Cu and Pb, respectively. The reason for the reduced emissions is mainly increased use of gas cleaning devices at power and district heating plants (including waste incineration plants). The large reduction in the Pb emission is due to a gradual shift towards unleaded gasoline.
In general, considerable work is being carried out to improve the inventories. New investigations and research carried out in Denmark and abroad are, as far as possible, included as the basis for the emission estimates and included as data in the inventory databases. Furthermore, the updates of the EMEP/CORINAIR guidebook and the work in the Task Force on Emission Inventories and Projections and its expert panels are followed closely in order to be able to incorporate the best scientific information as the basis for the inventories. Further important references in this regard are the IPCC guidelines and IPCC good practice guidance.
Implementation of new results in inventories is made in a way so that improvements better reflect Danish conditions and circumstances. In improving the inventories, care is taken to consider implementation of improvements for the whole time-series of inventories, to promote consistency. Such efforts lead to recalculation of previously submitted inventories.
The most important recalculations for the various sectors are mentioned below.
The national energy statistics has been updated for the years 1980-2005. Generally there are only minor changes compared to previous submissions.
For natural gas fired gas engines NOx, NMVOC and CO emission factors have been updated for the entire time-series based on new research.
Anew estimate for national sea transport has resulted in corrections for heavy fuel oil in the industrial sector 1A2, for further information see paragraph on mobile sources.
An error in the distribution of the total mileage between passenger cars and vans has been corrected from 1985 to 2005, and this change in input data has given slight emission changes. The mileage for passenger cars has been reduced in the new situation, and due to the fuel balance in the calculation model for diesel more fuel has been allocated to vans and heavy duty vehicles which in general have higher fuel related emission factors.
Also changes have been made to the gasoline fuel consumption input data for the NERI model, throughout the 1985-2005 periods. The gasoline fuel consumption generally increases, due to a reduced gasoline consumption calculated for non road working machinery in the same years. This latter fuel amount is being subtracted from the road transport sales of gasoline reported by the DEA, prior to NERI road transport model input.
The emission factors for NMVOC have been updated in the model. NMVOC is derived as the difference between VOC and CH4, and the latter emission factors have been revised due to updates in the COPERT IV background data, both for cold start and operationally hot engines.
For NH3, the hot start emission factors for passenger cars and vans have been updated in the NERI model, and in addition a new cold start calculation module has been implemented. The NERI model changes are based on the updated COPERT IV methodology and emission data.
Based on new research findings, the fuel consumption of heavy oil and gas oil for national sea transport is now calculated directly by NERI. Fuel adjustments are made in the fishery sector (gas oil) and stationary industry sources (heavy fuel oil) in order to maintain the grand national energy balance. The fuel consumption changes for national sea transport cause the emissions to change from 1985 to 2005.
Fuel adjustments are made for gas oil, which affects the emissions for this sector. The emission changes for fisheries are followed by the opposite emission changes in national sea transport of approximately the same absolute values.
Emission factors derived from the new road transport simulations have caused minor emission changes from 1985-2005.
The emissions somewhat decrease due to a smaller amount of fuel used by gasoline fuelled working machinery.
Updated stock information for ATV's (All Terrain Vehicles) 2002-2005, has given a small fuel use and emissions increase for these years.
No changes have been made.
No changes have been made.
The time series has been completed for heavy metals from metal production.
The previous method was based on results from an agreement between the Danish Industry and the Danish Environmental Protection Agency (DEPA). The emissions from various industries were reported to the Danish EPA. The reporting was not annual and linear interpolation was used between the reporting years. It is important to notice that not all use of solvents was included in this agreement and no activity data were available. It is not possible to perform direct comparison of methodologies or to make corrections to the previous method, due to the fundamental differences in structure. But an increase in total emissions was expected due to the more comprehensive list of chemicals.
Improvements and additions are continuously being implemented in the new approach, due to the comprehensiveness and complexity of the use and application of solvents in industries and households. The main improvements in the 2006 reporting include revisions of the following
· Propane and butane is used as aerosol in spraying cans primarily in households. The mean volume of a can is set to 200 ml according to information from e.g. trade associations. This reduces the propane and butane emissions compared to previous inventories.
· Propylalcohol used as windscreen washing agent is reallocated from autopaint and repair to household use.
· Emission factor for propylalcohol used as windscreen washing agent, corresponding to approximately 80% of the annually used amount, is changed to 1.0 for use. Approximately 20% of the annual propylalcohol use is used in closed industrial processes. This amount is assigned a low emission factor of 0.01.
Compared with the previous NH3 and PM emissions inventory (submission 2007), some updates have been made. These changes only reflect small changes for the total emission - less than 1%.
There have been no changes in the methodology. The data received from Statistics Denmark, concerning the livestock production and the cultivated area for 2005, are updated and these updated data are implemented in the inventory. Previous inventory had some small errors on grassing days for dairy cattle from 1990 to 1995, which is now corrected.
Full report in pdf-format (4,160 kB)
